ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof: s] ;lx / s] unt
k|s[ltdf Pp6f k|lqmof xd];f lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/x]sf] 5 . x/]s ;lhj j:t' cem ljsl;t / cem hl6n ;+/rgf ePsf] :j?ksf] lgdf{0f x'g] lbzftkm{ kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf uO/x]sf] 5 . obL of] k|lqmof gx'bf] xf] t ljsf;qmd g} ;+ej lyPg.
Ps k':tf eGbf csf]{ k':tf cem ljsl;t x'gsf nflu klxnf] k':tfn] ljsl;t x'g cfjZos u'0f cfh{g ug'{k5{ clg pQm cflh{t u'0f bf];|f] k':tfdf ;g'{ klg cfjZos x''G5 .
o;sf] cy{ xf] ljsf;qmd b'O{ s'/fsf] sf/0f k|lqmofsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] xf] .
1= ljsl;t x'g cfjZos :jefj jf u'0fsf] cfh{g /
2= pQm cflh{t u'0f cGo k':tfdf ;g]{ sfd
dfly pNn]vlt b'O{ s'/f qmlds / lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] sf/0fn] g} cToGt} ;fdfGo ;+/rgfsf] Ps sf]lzo hLjaf^ cToGt} hl6n ef}lts ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] pRrtd\ ljsl;t :j?k ædfgjÆ sf] pbo ePsf] xf] . 8flj{gsf] ljsf;jfbsf] l;4fGtn] klg oxL eG5 / hLj ljsf;sf] jf:tljs k|lqmof klg oxL xf] . hLj ljsf;sf] oxL k|lqmof g} ljsf;qmd xf] . cyjf cem ljsl;t t/ cem hl6n :j?ksf] lgdf0f{ x'g] k|lqmof g} ljsf;qmd xf] . (Evolution is gradual process of development of complex diverse life forms from the pre-existing simple life forms.)
ljsf;qmd s] xf] eGg] s'/fdf cfh s;}sf] b''O{ dt gePtf klg ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df eg] ;dfg wf/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . nfdfs{ b]vL Modern synthesis theory ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf klg ljsf;qmdsf] 7f]; k|lqmof jf ;f] k|lqmofsf] sf/s kQf nfUg ;s]sf] 5}g elg cfh xfdL k7\b}5f} .
t/ s'/f] To;f] xf]Og . ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df atfpg] klxnf] JolQm nfdfs{n] h] atfP Tof] g} ;xL lyof] / ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmof xd];f b]vL cfh;Dd ;f]xL cg';f/ rln/x]sf] 5 . oy]:6 k|df0fsf] cefj / nfdfs{sf l;4fGtsf] ;xL JofVof x'g g;s]sf]n] cfh;Dd ljsf;qmdsf] jf:tljs k|lqmofsf] af/]df l4ljwf /xL/x]sf] xf] . kmf]:/f / ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofnfO{ g} luHofpg] s]xL t'R5 / xNsf k|of]u clg ts{bjf/ nfds{nfO{ unt ;fljt ul/of] . nfdfs{sf] l;4fGtsf] yk JofVof x'g g;s]sfn] c:ki6 / ck'0f{ cj:o 5 t/ unt 5}g\ .
pgn] cfk\mgf] l;4fGtdf tLg s'/f atfPsf 5g\ M
!= x/]s hLjgdf cem ljsl;t x'g] rfx x'G5 /
@= p;sf] pQm rfxsf] sf/0f zl//df cfjZos u'0f / c+usf] ljsf; / lgdf{0f clg cgfj:os u'0f jf c+usf] ljno x'G5 .
#= p;df cflh{t tL gofF u'0f / ljsl;t gofF :j?k jf c+u p;sf ;GttLdf klg ;5{g .
oxL k|lqmof nfdf] ;do rln/xbf w]/} ;dokl5 Ps ljNs'n} aUn} :jefj / ;+/rgf ePsf] cnu k|hftLsf] hLjsf] pbo x'G5 .
dfly pNn]vLt nfdfs{sf s'/fnfO{ yk AofVof s;}n] u/]g jf ;fob ug{ hfg]g . lgoldt s;/t ug]{ JolQmsf] 5f]/f] jf 5f]/Lsf kfv'/f hGdb} lsg alnof gePsf t eGg] h:tf xf:of:kb k|Zg / pbfx/0fx?nfO{ pgsf s'/f unt ;fljt ug]{ c:qsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/of] .
pgsf dfly pNn]lvt tLg a'Fbf dWo] klxnf] / bf];|f] a'Fbf dfly ul/Psf l6Kk0fL jf cfnf]rgf t ljNs'n} asDk'm;] jf xNsf 5g\ . s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ utn eGg' cl3 pQm s'/fsf] uDeL/ ljZn]if0f cfjZos x'G5 hg' ljNs'n} ePg jf ul/Pg klxnf] / bf];|f] a'bfFsf lgDtL . t];|f] a'bfFk|ltsf] l6Kk0fL eg] hfoh 5 . pgn] atfPsf] t];|f] a'bfFnfO{ k|:6\ofpg] yk t/ ;xL AofVof cfh;Dd gePsfn] l;+uf] nfdfsL{hd g} 5foffdf k/]sf] xf] .
nfdfs{sf] ljsf;qmdsf] l;4fGtsf af/]df s:tf l6Kk0fL / cfnf]hgf eP clg s] slt sf/0fn] tL unt xNsf jf asDk'm;] 5g\ egL rrf{ ug'{ c3L nfdfs{sf] ljsf;qmdsf] l;4fGtdf cfjZos yk / ;xL AofVof u/L ljsf;qmdsf] jf:tljs k|lqmofsf] af/]df atfpg] l;4fGtnfO{ k'0f{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lsg / s;/L x'G5 ljsf;qmd ?
klxn]b]vL /xL cfPsf] hLj (Existing in organism) df qmlds ?kdf ljsf; eO{ cem hl6n;+/rgf ;lxtsf] cem ljsl;t :j?ktkm{ kl/jt{g x'g] k|lqmof ljsf;qmd xf] . o;sf] cy{ xf] ;'?d} pNn]vLt b'O{ s'/f M ljsl;t x'g cfjZos :jefj jf u'0fsf] cfh{g clg cflh{t pQm u'0f cGo k':tfdf ;g]{ sfd qmlds / lg/Gt/ ?kdf w]/} w]/} k':tf -;fob ;of}+ jf xhf/f}+ k':tf_ ;Dd eO/xg] x'gfn] g} ljsf;qmd ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] ;GbeŠdf ljsf; eGgfn] b'O{ k|sf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ a'lemG5 M
-s_ zfl/l/s ljsf; /
-v_ dfgl;s ljsf;
zfl/l/s ljsf;
x/]s ;lhj k|f0fL tTsflng jftfj/0fdf cem ;xhtfk'j{s afFRg] k|of; ul//x]sf] x'G5 cyjf existing environment df p;sf] zl//n] x/ avt cg's'n x'g] k|oTg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . oxL k|of; :j?k hLjsf] zfl//Ls :j?ksf] jf c+usf] cem ljsf; x'G5 / obL jftfj/0f kl/jt{g eof] eg] hLjsf] zl// kl/jlt{t jftfj/0f cg's'n x'gkg]{ jfWotf cfOk5{ . tTsflng cj:yfdf Existing Environment df cfk\mgf] zl//nfO{ jftfj/0fk|lt cem cg's'n agfpg jf obL jftfj/0f kl/jt{g eof] eg] jftfj/0f cg's'nsf] zl// jf zfl/l/s u'0fsf] lgdf{0f x'g zl//df x'g] jf:tljs k|lqmof kQf nflu;s]sf] 5}g . Ps k|lqmof o:tf] x'g ;S5 M
s_ hLjsf] zl//df To:tf Receptor cells 5g\ h;n] zl//sf] s'g efun] s:tf] k|sf/sf] jftfj/0fdf s:tf] kl/jt{gsf] k|of; of cfjZoStf dxz'; ul//x]sf 5g\ To;nfO{ u|x0f u5{g . oL sf]ifx?n] zl//bjf/ ul/Psf] k|of;sf] k|sf/ jf :jefj / h'g jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n x'g zl//n] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 ;f] jftfj/0fsf] kl/jt{gsf] dfqfnfO{ ;+u|lxt(collect) u5{g\ .
v_ o;/L ;+u|lxt ;dfrf/ center df k'U5 . Center Tof] efu xf] h;n] Receptor cells n] k7fPsf] va/nfO{ receive u5{ . clg Receptors cells åf/f k7fOPsf]Message cg'?k zl//sf] s'g efudf s:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/jt{gsf] slt dfqfdf cfjZostf 5 ;f] cg'?k kl/jtLt :j?ksf] lgdf{0f ug{ Master nfO{ cfb]z lbG5 cyjf zl//sf] s'g efudf s:tf] / slt dfqfsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 egL Receptors Cells n] u|x0f u/]sf] Message nfO{ cfwf/ dflg Center n] kl/jt{g x'g'kg]{ efusf] :j?k lgwf{0f u5{ / cfk'måf/f lgwf{l/t ;f] :j?ksf] lgdf{0f ug{ Master nfO{ cfb]z lbG5 .u_ Master Tof] efu xf] h;n] cfkm'nfO{ cfPsf] cfb]z adf]lhdsf] ;+/rgf jf :j?ksf] lgdf{0f u5{ .
Ps pbfx/0f M
hLjsf] zfl/l/s agfj6sf] ljsf; Existing or Changed Environment df cem ;xhtf k'jf{s afFRg ul/Psf] k|of;n] ePsf] xf] . cyf{t pQm jftfj/0fdf cg's'n(Adapt) x'g ul/Psf] of ul/g] afWofTds k|of;n] hLjsf] zfl/l/s agfj6 lgwf{/0f u/f] .
h:tf] M hL/fkm / dflg; al;/x]sf] h+un gi6 eO{ obL d?e'dLdf kl/0ft x'G5 eg] d?e'ldsf] Tof] kfl/nf] 3fdn] c;/ k'/\ofpg g;Sg] u'0f ePsf] 5fnfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 nuftf/sf] kfl/nf] 3fdsf] ;]sfOn] ubf{ . pQm 3fdsf ls/0faf6 aRg zl//n] tTsfn} pQm cj:yfdf Adapt x'g rflxg] u'0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ yfN5 ofgLsL 5fnfsf] u'0f qmlds ?kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 / cGTodf 3fdk|lt Resist Skin ePsf] dflg;sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
oxfF pQm 5fnfsf] kl/jt{gdf dflg;sf] dfgl;s rfxsf] s'g} e'ldsf x'Fb}g . kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n (Adapt) x'g zl//df afWofTds ?kdf zfl/l/s ;+/rgfdf km]/abn x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .
o;sf] cy{ xf] Receptors n] kl/jtL{t jftfj/0fsf] k|sf/ / dfqfnfO{ Center df k7fpF5 , Center n] pQm cj:yfnfO{ taccle ug]{ :j?ksf\ lgwf{/0f u5{ / pQm lgwf{l/t :j?ktkm{ kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg Master nfO{ lgb]{zg lbG5 .
d?e'lddf ePsf l56k'm6 ?vsf] 3fF; e]l6g] 7fpFdf ;lsb}F uPkl5 cUnf efudf ePsf] 3fF; vfg ul/Psf] lg/Gt/sf] tGsfO / pk|mfOsf] k|of;n] nfdf v'§f / nfdf] 3fF6Lsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] lh/fkmsf] .
;+If]kdf Receptors Cells n] zl//åf/f ul/Psf] k|of;nfO{ ;Gb]zsf] ?kdf l6kf]6 u5{ / Center df k7fpF5 . Center n] ca aGg'kg]{ :j?k jf klxn]sf] :j?kdf ul/g'kg]{ kl/jt{gsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ clg Master nfO{ cfÇgf] lg0f{o sfo{Gjog ug{ cfb]z lbG5 / cGTodf Master n] cfb]z kfngf u5{ . o;/L tLg r/0fdf zfl/l/s ljsf;sf] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] x'G5 .
o;/L dfly pNn]lvt k|lqmof cg';f/ zfl/l/s ;+/rgfsf] lgwf{/0f ÷ lgdf{0f jf ljno x'g] x'G5 . kl/tL{t jftfj/0fn] hLjnfO{ pQm jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n -a9L eGbf a9L cg's'n_ x'g] zl//sf] lgdf{0f x'g jf ug{ Ps afWofTds kl/l:ytLsf] l;h{gf u5{ . eO/x]sf] jf kl/jtL{t jftfj/0fdf cem ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg jf pQm jftfj/0fdf a9LeGbf a9L cg's'n x'g ul/Psf] afWofTds k|of; :j?k cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 7fpFdf cfjZostf cg';f/sf] gofF c+usf] lgdf{0f, eO/x]sf c+usf] ;+/rgfdf cfjZostf cg';f/sf] kl/jt{g / cfjZos dx;'; gul/Psf] -af/Daf/ k|of]u gul/g]_ c+usf] lano x'g] x'G5 .
kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf cfjZos dx;'; gul/Psf / af/Daf/ k|of]u gePsf -k|of]usf] cfjZostf g} gePsf_ c+u g} cfh Vestigial organs df l;ldt x'g k'u]sf x'g .
Both deveopment and disappearing of organs are not simple or easy task that father faced a new and entirely changed environment and son got some new organs to live or adapt better and some not frequently used organs (in new environment) disappeared and changed to vestigial!
Friend, it is evolution and we must know the evolution as a very complex process which always is on the way of development (more evolved / developed and better form) and takes place in time format which we should and can measure or understand only in hundreds,thousands or in millions years.
jftfj/0fsf] cg's'ntf c'g;f/ cfÇgf] :j?knfO{ tTsflng jftfj/0f ;'xfFpbf] agfpg cfÇgf] zl//df cfjZos dx;'; ul/Psf] c· jf efusf] cem kl/:s[t / cem ljsl;t :j?k aGg] cyjf jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n x'g ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo cfjZostfsf] sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] Ps afWofTds rfx g} ljsf;qmdsf] s8L xf] . t/ kl/jt{g k|ltsf] of] rfx dfgl;s rfxgf of /x/dfq rfxLF sbfkL xf]Og . obL ;f]nf]8f]nf] gfds hLj kfgLdf 5 p hldgdf eGbf kfgLdf ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg ;S5 t/ kfgLdf 3f]lnP/ /x]sf] clS;hg lng ;Sg] k'0f{ ljsl;t c+u p;Fu 5}g / obL pQm 7fpFdf cfxf/fsf] sdL eof] / vfgsf nflu p;n] a9L s;/t ug'{kg]{ eof] eg] p;sf] zl//nfO{ cem a9L clS;hgsf] cfjZostf dx;'; x'G5 / afFRgsf nflu a9L ldx]gt ug'{ p;sf] afWotf aG5 eg] kfgLdf 3f]lnP/ /x]sf] clS;hgnfO{ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] c+usf] lta| cfjZostf p;sf] zl//df x'G5 . ;fy;fy} cfxf/f ;dfpgsf nflu l56f] l56f] rNg / 6f9f;Dd hfgkg]{ klg x'G5 . l56f] lx8\g rNgnfO{ cfÇgf] ;f]nf]8f]nf] zl// xNnfpFb}, kf}l8g] oTg ub}{ hfFbf kv]6fsf] ljsf; x'G5 / kfgLdf ;f; km]g{sf] nflu Gills sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
t/ ldq, Pp6f aRrf] ;f]nf] 8f]nf]]n] kf}8g / kfgLdf ;f; km]g{ k|oTg u/]s} sf/0fn] p hjfg x'Fbf p;sf] zl//df kv]6f / luN;sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 eg]sf] xf]Og . oL c+u lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofsf nflu nfvf}F jif{ nfu]sf] x'G5 / aNn Pp6f k"0f{ ljsl;t df5fsf] pbo ePsf] x'G5 .
ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofnfO{ otL xNsf 9+un] lng'eof] eg] tkfO{ of] k|Zg klg ug{ ;Sg'xf]nf M
obL d cfÇgf] xftnfO{ p8\g oTg u/] em}F cfÇgf] hLjge/L kmv]6f rnfP em}F rnfPF eg] s] d]/f kv]6f pDd|G5g\ t < / obL Evolution cToGt} nfdf] k|lqmof xf] eg] d]/f ;Gtfgsf] kv]6f cfpF5 t <
cxF, tkfO{n] cfÇgf] xft km8km8fPs} sf/0fn] dfq tkfO{sf kv]6f knfpg] 5}g, g ef]ln, g s/f]8f}F jif{ kl5 g} klg . tkfO{nfO{ p8\g /x/ nfUof], ofgLsL p8\g ;Sg] lsl;dsf] kv]6fsf] lgdf{0f xf];\ eGg] tkfO{sf] dflg;s rfx dfq xf] Tof] / dfly elg;sLof] ls s]an dflg;s rfx Evolution sf] sf/s sbflk aGg ;Sb}g . t/ obL k[YjLsf] ;Dk"0f{ w/ftn ca 6]Sg of]Uo /x]g, htftt} cfu} cfuf] jf lxpF g} lxpF jf sf8f g} sf8f jf cGo o:t} s]xL eof] eg] tkfO{ x/avt sd eGbf sd ;do e'Odf v'§f k/f];\ egL k|oTg ug'{x'G5 . oxfF tkfO\nfO{ jftfj/0f / kl/l:ytLn] g} e'OFdf v'§f g6]Sg jf sd eGbf sd 6]Sg afWo agfof] . o;sf] cy{ xf] tkfO{ x/avt hldgeGbf dfly /xg sf]l;; ug'{ x'G5 / sdeGbf sd dfq hldgdf 6]lsof]; elg lx8\bf pk|]m/] e/;s nfdf] b'/L kf/ ug]{ sf]l;; ug'{x'G5 . ca oxfF tkfO{sf s]xL afWotf 5g\ M
!= tkfO a9L eGbf a9L pk|mg'kg]{ x'G5 / o;}sf] kmn:j?k tkfO{sf] v'§fdf s]xL a9L nrStfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; x'G5 / ;fob tkfOsf klg v'§f afFb/, s+uf? of Eofu'Qfsf k5fl8sf v'§f em}F s]xL nfdf / nfdf] b'/L pk|mg ldNg] vfnsf] :j?k lt/ kl/jt{g x'g yfN5 .
@= pk|]m/ a9L b'/L kf/ ug]{ oTg ubf{ xft klg ToxL cg'?k rN5g / x/ avt pk|mbf tkfO{sf xftn] p8\g] em}F r]:6f ubf{ xftx? kv]6fsf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g x'g] lbzftkm{ hfG5g\ .
#= e"O{df 6]Sg gldNg] cj:yf ePkl5 tkfO{ x/avt ?vdf jf cGo s]xLdf r9\g] oTg ul//xg' x'G5 . / ;fob ?vdf r9\g ;lhnf] x'gsf nflu xftdf gª\u|fsf] lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ afWoTds l:ytL l;h{gf x'G5 .
$= tkfO{sf] zl// cln xNsf x'g'kg]{ x'G5 w]/} 6f9f;Dd pk|mg / ?vdf ;xhtfk"j{s r9\gsf nflu / ;fob tkfO{sf] zl//sf ca cgfj:os 7xl/g] ef/x? 36\g yfNg]5g\ / xf8x?df r/fx?sf] em}F xNsfkgf cfpg k|oTg x'g]5 .
o;/L cfk"mnfO{ aftfj/0f cg's'n?kdf 9fNg] oTg :j?k ul/Psf s]xL afWofTds k|of; of pQm jftfj/0fdf cem ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg ;Sg] cem ljsl;t :j?k aGg' kg]{ jfWoTds k|of;sf] sf/0fn] casf] xhf/f}F jf nfvf}F jif{kl5 ;fob xft v'§f, kv]6f / gª\u|f klg ePsf] a'?Ss a'?Ss pk|mg / p8\g klg ;Sg] Ps gofF hLjsf] pbo xf]nf .
cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ cem ;xh agfpg cem ljsl;t :j?ksf] lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ afWofTds l:ytL / jftfj/0f cg's'nsf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f x'b}F hfg] k|lqmof M a;\ oLg} b'O{ s'/f g} zfl/l/s ljsf;sf cfwf/ x'g\ .
kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n /xL ;f]xL jftfj/0fdf ;xhtfk"j{s afFRgsf nflu jftfj/0f cg's'n ?kdf kl/jt{G x'g'kg]{ Ps afWofTds kl/l:ytsf] l;h{gf x'Fbf ;f]xL jftfj/0fk|lt cg''s'n eO{ kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf hfgsf nflu zl//df x'g] afWofTds k|of;n] zfl/l/s ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpF5 .
of] k|of; s'g} cnf}lss zlQm jf cGo s]xLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'b}g . s:tf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g x'g], Tof] jftfj/0fdf lge{/ u5{ / s'g c+usf] lgdf{0f x'g] eGg] s'\/f] pQm jftfj/0fdf ;xhtfk"\j{s afFRg'kg]{ afWoTds cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu ul/g] lg/Gt/sf] k|of;af6 lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
of] t eof] æobL jftfj/0f kl/tj{g eof] eg]Æ eGbfsf] s'/f] . s] To;f] eP jftfj/0f kl/jt{g gx'g' xf] eg] pQm jftfj/0fdf /x]sf lhjsf] ljsf; x'b}Fg t < of pQm jftfj/0fdf afFRg] hLjx? slxNo} ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofdf hfFb}gg\ t <
ljsf; x'G5 / ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmofdf hfG5g klg lsg ls x/]s hLj Existing Environment df klg xd];f cem ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg of sfd ug{ k|of; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . / oxL æk|of;Æ g} rfaL xf] ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k"/f ug]{ zfl/l/s ljsf;sf] .
dfgl;s ljsf;
l;sfO{sf] k|lqmof of l;Sgsf nflu ul/g] k|of; g} x/]s ;lhj k|fl0fsf] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] rfaL xf] . obL sf]xL hLjdf l;Sg] Ifdtf 5}g eg] p;sf] dfgl;s ljsf; c;Dej 5 .
x/]s ;lhj k|f0fL gofF s'/f l;Sgsf nflu xd];f pT;'s x'G5 km/s s] dfq x'G5 eg] sf]xL a9L g} pT;'s x'G5g\ t sf]xL cln sd . pT;'stfsf] oxL dfqfn] g} hLjsf] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] dfqf lgwf{/0f u5{ . hLj hlt a9L pT;'s x'G5g\ TotL a9L p gofF s'/f l;Sg ;S5 / hlt a9L s'/f p l;S5 of hfGb5 Tolt pm ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 .
oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] æpT;'stfÆ g} nfdfs{n] cfÇgf] l;4fGtdf pNn]v u/]sf] cem ljsl;t x'g] rfx (Tendency to grow) xf] .
ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofdf rrf{ ul/g] ljsf; eGgfn] b'O{ s'/fsf] ljsf; eGg] a'lemg'k5{ M zl/l/s / dfgl;s ljsf; . jftfj/0f cg's'n x'g zl//n] ug]{ jf zl//df x'g] k|of;n] zfl/l/s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ u5{ eg] pT;'stf (Tendency to grow) n] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] .dflg;s ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ubf{ M
!= x/]s hLjdf gof s'/f l;Sg] pT;'stf x'G5 .
@= oxL pT;'stfn] p;nfO{ gofF s'/f l;Sg k|f]T;fxg u5{ .
#= gofF s'/f l;Sg'sf] cy{ xf] klxn]sf] cj:yf eGbf s]xL a9L s'/f hfg]sf] cj:yf ofgLsL s]xL ljsl;t ePsf] cj:yf .
Curiosity leads learning which ultimately results in evolved / developed brain.
t/ ca oxfF a'‰g'kg]{ s'/f] s] 5 eg] gofF s'/f l;s]sf] cj:yf eg]sf] ljsl;t ePsf] cj:yf xf] . l;Sgsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;n] rfxLF ljsf;qmd ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
o;sf] cy{ xf] s'g} klg hLj l;Sgsf nflu hlt a9L k|of;/t /xG5 TotL g} p;sf] dfgl;s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . l;Sgsf nflu ul/Psf] oxL k|of; rfFxL dfgl;s ljsf;sf] s8L xf] . gofF of w]/} s'/f hfg]sf] ÷l;s]sf] cj:yf eg]sf] t ljsl;t ePsf] cj:yf xf] . of] cj:yf;Dd p;nfO{ Nofpg] sf/s h] xf] Tof] rfFxL dfgl;s ljsf;sf] sf/s xf] .
oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] pT;'Stf -l;Sgsf nflu ul/g] k|of;_ klg s]an dflg;s rfx dfq skfbL xf]Og . of] t afWofTds g} x'G5 . h:tf] M aGb sf]7fleq /flvPsf] lrDkfGhLn] ge]6\g] u/L sf]nf e'm08\ofOlbg' sf]7f leq} / s]xL O6fx? 5/]/ /flvlbg' s]7fdf eg] pQm lrDkfGhL sf]nf vfgsf nflu k|of; u5{ . sf]nf lems]/ vfg] h'QmL ;f]Rg' of l;Sg' ca p;sf] afWotf xf] . e'OFaf6} plk|mbf obL e]l6Pg eg] Pp6f O6fdf 6]s]/ pk|mbf cln e]6\g vfH5 / o;af6 p;df O6fsf] rfFª nfpg] h'lQm k'mg{ ;S5 sf]nf vfg ul/Psf] af/af/sf] afWofTds / lg/Gt/sf] k|of;n] .
o; pbfx/0fdf lrDkfGhLn] O6fsf] rfª nufPkl5 pQm rfFªdf r9]/ sf]nf vfg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f l;s]sf] cj:yf eg]sf] klxn]sf] of gL sL sf]nf vfg plk|mO /x]sf] cj:yf eGbf ljsl;t ePsf] cj:yf xf] . p;sf] of] ljsf;df p;n] l;s]sf] gofF s'/fsf] xft 5 . o;sf] cy{ xf], cfk"mn] ge]6\g] 7fpFdf em'l08Psf] sf]nf vfg] h'lQm vf]Hg ul/Psf] afWofTds k|of; rfFxL p;sf] dfgl;s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] .
a'‰g'kg]{ s'/f] s] klg 5 eg] zfl/l/s / dflg;s ljsf; b'O{ cnu s'/f eP klg oL b'j} ;Fu;Fu} x'g] k|lqmof x'g\ . s'g} Ps dfqsf] ljsf; ;fob ;Dej 5}g / obL s'g} hLjdf To:tf] 5 eg] pQm hLjsf] ljsf; cjZo k"0f{ 5}g\ . ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpg dfq Physical and Mental –zfl/l/s / dflg;s_ eg]/ 5'6\ofOPsf] xf] . x'g] t s]an ljsf; (Evolution) xf] .
ca ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f], ljsf; qmdnfO{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fpg] s'/f], cldafnfO{ dfgj;Ddsf] ofqf u/fpg], nfdfs{n] ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] l;4fGtdf pNn]v u/] dWo]df ;a}eGbf a9L cfnf]lrt a'Fbf M Inheritance of acquired characters (Ps k':tfåf/f cflh{t u'0f csf]{ k':tfdf ;g]{ sfd_ . nfdfs{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ 7f8} gsfl/Psf] pgsf] l;4fGtdf pNn]lvt Ps a'Fbf Inheritance of acquired characters n] xf] . nfdfs{af6 klg Pp6f uNtL eg] ePsf] xf] . pgn] dfl;s ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt Tendency to grow -pT;'Stf_ nfO{ zfl/l/s ljsf;sf] pbfx/0fåf/f cy{ofpg vf]h]sf 5g\ . Tendency to grow M of] zAbfjnLnfO{Tendencty to learn elgg'k¥Yof] / Effect of use and disuse clg Formation of new organs nfO{ Tendency to adapt better in existing or changed environment to live better and easier eg]/ AofVof ul/g' k¥Yof] .
ljsf; zfl/l/s / dflg;s u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 oL b'j} ;Fu;Fu} x'g ePtf klg k|lqmof cnu cnu x'G5 elg JofVof x'g g;s]sfn] ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df cfh;Dd b'ljwf /x]sf] xf] . oxL s'/f nfdfs{n] k|i6\ofpg g;s]sfn] pgsf] l;4fGt 5fFofdf k/]sf] xf] .
Zffl/l/s ljsf; dfgl;s ?kdf ljsl;t x'g rfx]sf sf/0fn] geO dfly pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] k|lqmof (recpotors, Center and Master Porcess) bfj/f x'g] ePsfn] Ps k':tf bjf/f cflh{t u'0f s]an p;sf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{gdf dfq l;ldt geO Center s Master nfO{ lbOPsf] cfb]z jf Mastern] ug]{ sfd s]xL ;+s]t(code) sf] ?kdf l6kf]6 x'g] sfd klg x'G5 . o;/L l6kf]6 x'Fbf pQm ;+s]t hLjgsf] zl//df b'O{ 7fpFdf l6kf]6 x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 M
!= lbdfusf] s'g} Ps efu: h'g Message sf] cfwf/df pQm hLjsf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .@= aLhsf]ifdf: pm kl5sf] k':tfdf pQm cflh{t u'0f ;g{sf nflu aLhsf]ifdf l6kf]6 x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 .
gofF hLjsf] pTktL cl3Nnf] k':tfsf] efn] / kf]yLsf aLhsf]ifsf] ;+ud kl5 x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] hf] klg hLjn] cfk\mgf] hLjgsfndf cflh{t u'0f p;sf] aLhsf]ifdf l6kf]6 ePs} x'g'k5{ obL csf]{ k':tfn] pm bjf/f cflh{t u'0f lnP/ hGdg' 5 eg] .
otL egL;Sg] laltSs} k|i6 s] a'lemg' k5{ eg] x/]s hLjn] cfk\mgf] hLjgsfndf cflh{t u'0f s]an p;sf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{g ug{dfq hLDd]jf/ geO{ pQm u'0f ;f] hLjsf] aLhsf]ifdf Ps ;+s]tsf] ?kdf l6kf]6 x'g] sfd klg x'bf]/x]5 . cflh{t u'0f kmnfgf] k|lqmofbjf/f aLhsf]ifsf] kmnfgf] 7fpFdf kmnfgf] ?kdf l6kf]6 ePsf] x'G5 eg]/ ls6]/ eGg ;Sg] cfwf/ rfFxL 5}g . t/ h;/L / h'g ?kdf eP klg Ps k':tfbjf/f cflh{t u'0f p;sf] aLh sf]if (germs Cell) df l6kf]6 ePs} x'g'k5{ / x'G5 . ;Gtfg pTkfbg x'g efn] / kf]yL aLhsf]ifsf] ;dfud x'g]eGbf km/s k|lqmof g} 5}g / ljsf; qmd klgeO/x]sf] 5 eg] cflh{t u'0f aLhsf]ifdf l6kf]6 eP/ csf]{ k':tfdf ;g]{ clg pQm u'0f ;lxtsf] csf]{ k':tf hGdg] afx]s ljsf; qmdsf] k|lqmofdf cflh{t u'0f Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf ;g]{ bf];|f] k|lqmof of af6f] g} 5}g .
;+If]kdf, x/]s ;lhj k|f0fL xd];f k|of;/t x'G5 M!= jftfj/0fk|lt a9LeGbf a9L cg's'n x'g /
@= ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf cem ;xh h'lQm vf]Hg .
oxL k|of; g} sf/s xf] ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] . oxL k|of; :j?k cflh{t u'0f aLhsf]ifdf l6kf]k eO{ pQm u'0f cGo k':tfdf ;b}{ hfFbf cGttx pQm k|of;sf] d't{?k M Ps gofF u'0f, :jefj jf c+u ;lxtsf] gofF k|hfltsf] hLjsf] pbo xf] .
s] xf] t Darwinism?
o; wtL{df x/]s hLjsf] pTktL s;}sf] gLufxdf jf s'g} rdTsf/åf/f jf To:t} s'g} cnf}lss zlQm jf tl/sfaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f] jf ljZjf;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbb}F 8flj{gn] atfPsf tn pNn]lvt b'O{ s'/f csf6\o 5g\ / of] w'a| ;To klg xf] M- Speceis are capable of change and small changes accumulated over number of years that gradually lead to the formation of new spaecies. The present day highly complex life has originated from the simpler unicellular life in the same way.
- New species originate from the old species.
!= x/]s hLjgsf] k|hgg\ Ifdtf pRr ePsf] sf/0fn] cToflws ;+Vofdf ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug]{ ePtf klg
@= o; wtL{df x/]s hLjsf] ;+Vof jf pk:yLtL xd];f ;dfg jf Ps gf;sf] x'G5 .
#= sLgsL vfgf / cfjf;sf nflu Ps} k|hftL leq jf k|hftL k|hftLaLr ;+3{if x'g] ePsfn] pTkflbt ;+VofdWo] cToflws rfFxL afFRg c;dy{ x'G5g\ .
$= Ps} afa' cfdfsf ;Gtfg klg ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;dfg x'b}Fgg\ . o;/L km/s km/s :jefj / zfl/l/s ;+/rgf ePsf hLjdWo] klg tLgLx?sf] afFRg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 h;df jftfj/0f cg's'nsf] km/skgf (Variation) x'G5 . -of] Variation nfO{ 8flj{gn] kmfObfhgs km/skgf ÷Advantageous variation gfd lbOPsf 5g\ _.
%= vfgf / cfjf;sf nflu ;+3{if ul//xbf afFr]sf dWo] klg tL dfq afFr]/ ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ h;df jftfj/0f cg's'n km/skgf (Favourable / Adavntageous variations ) x'G5 . o;/L jftfj/o0f cg's'n kl/jtL{t :efj / zfl/l/s ;+/rgf ePsf hLjdfq afFRg] of] k|lqmofnfO{ 8flj{gn] k|fs[lt 5gf}6 (Natural Selection) gfd lbP . jftfj/0f cg's'n u'0f ePsf hLjdfq afFRg] oxL k|lqmofnfO{ Herbert Spencer n] Survival of fittest gfd lbP .
^= ;Gtfg b/ ;Gtfg Fittest Organism sf kmfObfhgs km/skgfx? ;b}{ hfFbf jftfj/0fdf cem ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg] u'0f ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 / x/]s k':tfdf k|fs[lts 5gf}6sf] klg sfo{ eO{/xg] ePsfn] cGttx nfdf] ;do kl5 laNs'n} gofF :jefj / ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] Ps gof k|hftLsf] pbo x'G5 .
o;/L 8flj{gn] atfPsf s'/fnfO{ ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof elg ^ j6f a'Fbfdf k|:t't ul/Ptf klg ToxfF s]an b'O{ j6f s'/f dfœf pNn]v 5g\ M
s_ pRr k|hgg\ Ifdtfsf] sf/0f x/]s hLjn] cToflws ;+Vofdf ;Gtfg pTkfbg u/]tfklg vfgf / cfjf;sf nflu ;+3{if ubf{ / k|fs[lts lakQLx? klg ;xFb} ubf{ cToGt} yf]/} hLj dfq afFRg] ;Ifd x'G5g\ To;}n] k[YjLdf x/]s hLjsf] pkl:ytL of ;+Vof xd];f Ps gf;sf] x'G5 .
v_ 5f]/f 5f]/L ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf afa' cffdf;Fu ;dfg x'b}Fgg\ . o;/L :jefj / :j?kdf cfpg] ÷ b]vLg] km/skgf dWo] h'g ;Gtfgdf jftfj/0f cg's'nsf] km/s :jefj jf :j?k ljsf; ePsf] 5 pgLx? afFR5g / ;Gtfg klg k}bf u5{g\ . o;f] x'Fbf cfkm"df ePsf tL kmfObfhgs -jftfj/0f cg's'n_ km/skgf cfÇgf ;Gtfgdf klg pgLx?af6 ;5{g\ . oxL k|s[of nfdf] ;do;Dd rln/xFbf cGtt M Ps gofF :jefj / :j?ksf], cfÇgf] k"j{hx?df cfPsf kmfObfhgs km/skgfx? e]nf x'Fb} uO{ k'vf{eGbf laNs'n} a]Un}, gofF k|hftLsf] gofF hLjsf] pbo x'G5 .
8flj{gsf oL b'O{ s'/fdWo] klxnf] Psbd} ;xL 5 t/ bf];|f] ljNs'n unt .
cem hl6n ef}lts÷ zfl/l/s ;+/rgf ePsf] ÷ ;lxtsf] cem kl/:s[t :j?sf] hLjsf] pTktL clg o;/L pTktL ePsf hLjx?aLr x'g] jf b]lvg] km/skgf (Variations)MoL b'O{ s'/f g} ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf pknAwL jf ;f] k|lqmofsf glthf x'g\ . o; sf/0f ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof dfkm{t jf ;f] k|lqmofsf] sf/0fn] cfPsf] glthf jf pknAwLnfO{ ;f]xL k|lqmofsf] sf/s s;/L dfGg ;lsG5 / <
km/skgf jf:tjdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
s_ b'O{ cnu k|hftLaLr b]vLg] km/skgf /
v_ Ps} k|hftLsf hLjx?aLr b]vLg] km/skgf of cem egf} Ps cfdfsf ;Gtfgx? aLrsf] eLGgtf
b'O{ cnu k|hftLsf hLjnfO{ t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] t'ngfTds ?kdf s'g} Ps k|hftLsf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgf / dfgl;s l:ytL csf]{sf] eGbf cjZo klg cle ljsl;t / cln hl6n xfdL kfpF5f} . cem ljsl;t, cem kl/:s[t :j?ksf] hLj g} jf:tjdf ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] pknAwL xf] . o;/L ljsf;qmd dfkm{t b]lvPsf] of] glthf ofgL ls b'O{ cnu k|hftLaLrsf] leGgtf ljsf;qmsf] sf/s sbfkL x'Fb}g / xf]Og\ .
8flj{gsf cg';f/ Ps} cfdfsf b'O{ leGg ;GtfgdWo] h;sf] leGgtf jftfj/0f cg's'n 5 p;sf] afFRg] ;Defjgf a9L 5 / p;sf aRrfx?dWo] klg leGgtf cfpFbf o;/L g} jftfj/0f cg's'nsf km/skgfx? ;b}{ hfG5g\ / cGtt M leGg :j?ksf] gofF k|hftLsf] pbo x'G5 . t/ jf:tjdf 8flj{gsf] of] s'/f] unt 5 .
cnu cnu k|hftLaLrsf] leGgtf ljsf;qmdåf/f :yflkt ePtf klg Ps} cfdfsf b'O{ ;GtfgaLrsf] leGgtf eg] ljsf; qmdsf] glthf of] leGgtfsf nflu cGo g} s]xL sf/s lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . tL sf/s s] x'g ;S5g\ eg] d eGg ;StLg, o;sf nflu cg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 . t/ hxfF;Dd d]/f] ljZjf; 5 ls of] leGgtf / ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofaLr k|ToIf ;DaGw 5}g\ . -of] leGgtfnfO{ d]G8nn] AofVof u/]sf 5g\ . b'O{ hLjsf cg]s u'0fx? ldn]/ lgl:sPsf] glthf g} 5f]/f 5f]/L x'g\ hf] lsg afa' cfdf;Fu ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;dfg x'b}gg\ eGg] s'/f d]08nsf] l;4fGtn] ;fob ;l6s ?kdf JofVOf u5{ .
lgZsif{ M ljsf;jfb ;DaGwL 8flj{gn] h] wf/0ff k|:t't u/] Tof] laNs'n ;xL 5 t/ ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] af/] h] atfP pgn] Tof] laNs'n unt 5 . d]/f] dtna xf] pgn] eg] cg';f/ ljsf;qmd ePsf] xf]Og\ . cyjf h] s'/fnfO{ 8flj{gn] ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] sf/0f eg] Tof] sf/s g} xf]Og\ . b'\O{ k|hftL of hLj aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ pgn] ljsf;qmdsf] glthf dfg]sf x'g eg] pQm glthfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ sf/s ha;Dd pNn]v x'b}g ta;Dd k|lqmof g} cw'/f] /xG5 .To;}n] 8flj{gn] pNn]v u/]sf] l;4fGtdf ljsf;qmdsf] sf/ssf] af/]df s]xL pNn]v g} gePsfn] pgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof ;DalGw atfpg]] ;xL l;4fGt eGg gldNnf ls < x/]s k|lqmof :yflkt u/fpg] s]xL sf/s x'G5g\. ha ;Dd pQm sf/ssf] af/]df pNn]v x'Fb}g ta;Dd pQm k|lqmofsf] :ki6 AofVof g} ePsf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] 8flj{gåf/f k|:t't l;4fGtn] ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] :ki6 jf k"0f{ JofVof u/]sf] 5}g\ .
s] xf] Mutational Theory?
"Permanent, sudden and unpredictable change in the characters of an organism is mutation"
- Hugo de Vries.
ljsf;fqmdsf] cToGt} nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmofåjf/f :yflkt ePsf] ;+/rgfdf csf:dt kl/jt{g cfpg' eg]sf] s]an Ps b'3{6gf xf] . Mutatition s]an Ps b'3{6gf xf] . b'3{6gf slxNo} lgoddf x'Fb}g . of] hyfefjL, h:tf];'s} k|sf/sf], h'g;'s} a]nf / hxfF klg x'g ;S5 . o;sf] g s'g} ult x'G5 g t s'g} lglZrt lbzf g} . Mutational Theory n] x/]s hLjsf] pTktLnfO{ s]an Ps ;+of]usf] ?kdf AofVof u5+{ . o;n] eG5 s'g} hLjsf] Gen df gf6lso 9+un] cs:dft o:tf] kl/j{tg cfpF5 ls pQm hLj eGbf cem ljsl;t :j?ksf] gofF hLjsf] pbo x'G5 . o;af6 xfdL a'‰g ;S5f}F ls Mutational Thoery n] Evolution nfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g x'g] u/L ePsf ;'vb\ b'3{6gfx?sf] nfdf] >[+vnfsf] ?kdf JofVof u5{ g ls Ps k|lqmofsf] ?kdf . ha ls ;To To;f] xf]Og . k[YjLdf hLjsf] pTktL ePsf] cj:yfaf6 clxNo] ;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]¥of}F eg] xfdL kfpF5f}F ls c:tL eGbf lxhf] / lxhf]eGbf cfh hLjx? cem ljsl;t x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ xf] ljsf;qmd Ps lglZrt lbzftkm{ cl3 a9L/x]sf] 5 Tof] xf] M tTsflngeGbf cem hl6n ;+/rgf ePsf] / cem ljsl;t :j?ksf] hLj lgdf{0f x'g] bL;ftkm{ .
ljsf;qmdsf] xd];f Ps of s]xL sf/s x'G5g\ . of] xd];f Ps lglZrt lbzfdf Ps lgwf{l/t ultdf cl3 a9L/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljsf;qmd s'g} of s]xL sf/såf/f clek|]l/t eO{ s'g} lglZrt lbzfdf lgwf{l/t ultdf cl3 a9L/x]sf] Ps k|s[of xf] . t/ Mutational Thory n] Evloution nfO{ Ps k|lqmofsf] ?kdf AofVof ub{}g lsg ls Mutationcfkm}Fdf Ps b'3{6gf xf] . xhf/f}F jf nfvf}F hLjsf] Gene df ePsf] Mutation dWo] s]xL lglZrtdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg] k|sf/n] ePsf] ;'vb\ b'3{6gf (Mutation) nfO{Mutational Theory n] hLj ljsf; jf ljsf;qmdsf] sf/ssf] ?kdf AofVof u5{ . o;sf] cy{ xf] of] l;4fGtn] x/]s hLjsf] pTktLnfO{ ;'vb\ ;+of]usf] glthfsf] ?kdf a'‰g cfu|x u5{ . Mutation nfO{ h;/L Mutational THeory sf k|jw{s Hugo De Vries n] AofVof u/]sf 5g\ To; cg';f/ o;nfO{ s]an Ps b'3{6gf xf] eg]/ a'‰g xfdLnfO{ s]xL cK7\of/f] x'Fb}g\ . ("Permanent, sudden and unpredictable change in the characters of an organism is mutation")
o;sf] cy{ xf] Mutaiton Ps lbzflxg, utLlxg / hyfefjL ]Ù¬g] b'3{6gf dfq xf] . s'g} klg ;dodf s'g} klg ;+/rgfdf s'g} klg glthf cfpg] u/L kl/jt{g x'g] sfd g}Mutation xf] . o;/L Gene df Mutation ePsf hLjdWo] s]xLdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gd'vL Mutation x'G5 eGg' s]xL hLj ;+of]uj; ljsl;t x'G5g\ eGg' xf] . cfh k[YjLdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf x/]s hLj hf] cToGt} hl6n ;+/rgf ;lxt cfk}Fmdf (Not comparatively) k"0f{ 5g\ tLgsf] pTktLnfO{ ;'vb\ ;+of]usf] glthfsf] ?kdf AofVof ug'{ slt ts{;+ut / o'lQm;+ut 5 xf]nf <
:qLsf] of]gLsf] cfsf/ / cj:yLtL clg k'?ifsf] ln+usf] cfsf/ / cjl:YtL, ;dfud k|lqmof, :qL / k'?ifaLsf] ;dfud kl5 uef{wfg eO{ @# j6f l8Daaf qmf]df]hf]d / @# j6f z'qmls6sf qmf]df]hf]d ldnL Ps k"0f{ dfgjsf] lgdf{0f ;'? x'g] k|lqmofM Ps cToGt} hl6n, ;'Gb/ / sxL klg yf]/} dfq klg v/faL gePsf] -cfkm}df k"0f{_ k|lqmof . s] hLgdf x'g]Mutation nfO{ g} of] k|lqmof :yflkt u/fpg] sf/ssf ?kdf dfGg ;lsPnf < n dfgf} ;+of]un] :qLsf] of]gL k"j{jt cj:yfaf6 cfhsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g eof] c/], k'?ifsf] ln+u klg ;+of]uj; cfh hxfF h:tf] / hqf] 5 ToxfF :yflkt eof] /], t/ b'O{ ljkl/t ln+uaLr eg] ;dfud k|lqmof ;xh / ;kmn agfpgsf nflu of]gLsf] ulx/fO{, rf}8fO / cjl:ytL clg ln+usf] nDafO, df]6fO / cjl:ytL Ps} cg'?ksf] agfpg s] tTjn] e"ldsf v]Nof] t < of t of]gL cGt st} x'gkYof]{, cln rf}8f of ;fX|} ;fF3'/f] x'gkYof]{, ln+u of t ;f/} 5f]6f] of cln nfdf] of 9f8 of e'l8df x'g'kYof]{ ! cToGt} k"0f{ ?kdf of] k|lqmof :yflkt ug{df ck|lqmofdf cfwfl/t Mutation lhDd]jf/ 5 eGg' a]t'ssf] ukm dfq xf] . xfd|f] zl//sf x/]s c+u, tGt'sf] lglZrt sfd 5 (Except Vestigial Organs) . xfd|f] j/Lk/Lsf x/]s hLj / jg:ktLsf x/]s c+u of efusf] s'g} lglZrt sfo{ of p2]Zo 5 clg km]/L pQm c+u of efusf] sfd klg l;+uf] hLj of jg:ktLsf] hLjg k|lqmofsf] Ps cleGg lx:;f klg x'G5 . cflv/ pQm c+u of efunfO{ cfÇgf] lgwf{l/t sfo{ cToGt} ;kmn ?kdf ug{ ;Ifd x'g] u/L ljsl;t x'g bafa lbg] tTj s] xf] t <
xfdLn] oxfF rrf{ ul//x]sf] Mutation Ps sfo{ xf] . of] sfo{ u/fpg] sf/s s] xf] t < d]/f] dtna xf] Mutation sf] klg Ps 7f]; lb;f of p2]Zo x'g'k5{ . hLgnfO{ Ps lglZrt lb;ftkm{ Mutate x'g afWo u/fpg] tTj of sf/s s] xf] < s]an Mutation t dfq Ps b'3{6gf xf], h'g X -Ray OTofbLsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 . t/ pQm MutationnfO{ Ps lb;f of p2]Zo lbg] tTj s] t < ljsf;qmd tTsflng eGbf cem hl6n / cem ljsl;t :j?ktkm{ kl/jt{g x'g] k|lqmof xf], of] k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg Mutation sf] Ps lglZrt lb;f x'g'k5{ . cflv/ Mutation nfO{ cem ljsl;t, cem kl/:s[t t/ cem hl6n :j?Kdf kl/jt{g x'g] lbzftkm{ pGdf]v u/fpg] afWosf/L tTj s] xf] t <Mutational Theory sf kIfw/ a}1flgsx?sf] Pp6} hjfkm /x]sf] 5 M æxhf/f}F, nfvf}F of s/f]8f}F hLjdf x'g] Mutation dWo] s]xLdf x'g] Mutation Positive Outcome cfpg] u/L x'G5 . of] s]an Ps ;+of]u xf] .Æ ha of] k|lqmof g} ;DefJotfdf cfwfl/t 5 t ;+of]uj; s]xL hLgnfO{ Positive outcome lbg]u/L Mutate x'g s]xL afWosf/L tTj -lglZrt lb;ftkm{ pGd'v x'g afWo ug]{ tTj_ sf] cfjZostf g} 5}g\ . xf] To;}sf/0f t} d}n] b'O{ ln+uLaLrsf] ;dfud k|lqmofsf] pbfx/0f lbPsf] x'F . s] ;DefJotfsf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g\ < xfd|f] zl/l/sf x/]s c+usf] agfj6 / sfo{nfO{ s]an Ps ;'vb ;+of]usf] glthf dfGg] < xfF;sf] v'§fdf s] ;+of]un] lemNnL nfu]/ pm kfgLdf kf}8g / kfgLdf cfxf/f vf]Hg ;Sg] ePsf] xf] < lxd efn' ;+of]un] lxpFdf afFRg ;Sg]] ePsf] xf] < ====== htf x]¥of] Tot} k|Zg 5g\ M s] of] s]an Ps ;+of]usf] glthf xf] t < s] jf:tj d} ;DefJotf sf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g\ <
Mutation s]an b'3{6gf xf] . of] hyfefjL x'G5 . o;sf] g s'g} lb;f x'G5, g s'g} p2]Zo . Ps p2]Zolxg, lb;flxg / hyfefjL x'g] b'3{6gfn] cfh wtL{df :yflkt x/]s hLj of jg:ktLnfO{ cfhsf] cj:yfdf :yflkt u/fPsf] xf] eGbf xfdL ;DefJotfsf] jsfnt u/L/x]sf x'G5f} / luHofO/x]sf x'G5f} Ps cToGt} hl6n / w]/} nfdf] ;do lnP/ qmlds ?kdf x'g] ljsf;qmdsf] jf:tljsf k|lqmofnfO{ .
Lamarckism dfly gariyeka kehi k|of]u
dfly d}n] kmf];|f / ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofnfO{ g} luHofpg] lsl;dsf cToGt} t'R5 / xNsf k|of]u egL n]v]sf] s'/f cy{ 5 . nfdfs{sLhdsf] bf];|f] a'Fbfdf nfdfs{n] eg]sf 5g\ ls s'g} klg hLjsf] zl//df gofF c+u jf efjsf] lgdf{0f pQm hLjsf] zl//sf] tLa| cfjZostf / kl/jt{gk|ltsf] cToGt} nfdf] k|of;sf] sf/0faf6 x'G5 / pQm hLjn] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfÇgf] zl//sf] s'g} efj jf c+usf] k|of]u u/]g eg] pQm c+u jf efjsf] ljno x'G5 . b'ef{Uojz pgn] o; s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ s'g} ;l6s pbfx/0f lbg ;s]gg\ of To:tf] k|of]u u/]/ b]vfPgg\ h;n] pgsf] of] bf];|f] a'FbfnfO{ k|dfl0ft / ljZjf;of]Uo agfpg ;sf];. pgn] ;l6s pbfx/0f lbg / :ki6 AofVof ug{ g;s]s} sf/0fn] pgsf] of] s'/fnfO{ hfFRg s]xL k|of]ux? ul/of] . s] ;fFRr} s;}sf] -s'g} hLjsf]_ rfxgfsf] sf/0fn] g} zl//df gofF c+ux?sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] t < / s'g} c+usf] k|of]uaf6 jl~rt ul/of] eg] hLjsf] pQm c+u x/fpF5 jf x/fpg] k|lqmofdf hfG5 egL hfFRgsf nflu ul/Psf b'O{j6f pbfx/0fsf rrf{ d oxfF u5{' :
!= s's'/sf sof}F k':tfx?sf] k'R5/ nuftf/ ?kdf sfl6of], dfpsf] k'R5/ sfl6of], p;af6 hlGdPsf aRrfsf] k'R5/ sfl6of], p;sf klg aRrfsf] k'R5/ sfl6of] / oxL qmd pQm s's'/sf] w]/} k':tf;Dd bf]xf]¥ofOof] . t/ klg s's'/sf aRrfsf] k'R5/sf] nDafOdf s]xL 36a9 ePg . o;af6 lgZsif{ lgsflnof] M nfdfs{n] eg] em} s'g} c+u jf efjsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of]u gubf{ klg pQm efu ljno ePg jf ljno x'g] k|s[ofdf uPg, cem egf} s]xL kl/jt{g g} ePg . To;}n] k|of]u gu/] s} sf/0fn] zl//sf] s'g} efu jf c+u ljno x'G5 eGg] nfdf{ssf] s'/f] unt xf] .
of] k|of]u ul//xbFf xfdLn] b'O{j6f s'/f lal;{of} . klxnf] M Evolution cToGt} nfdf] k|lqmof xf] . s]xL jif{;Dd s's'/sf s]xL k':tfsf] k'R5/ sfl6lbFb}df k'R5/sf] nDafO{ 36\g] jf k'R5/ g} gknfpg] eGg] x'Fb}g . otL xNsf ?kd} ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmof rNYof] eg] t === ! bf];|f] M cfh xfdL / xfd|f] of] cfhsf] ;do;Fu xfd|f] j/Lk/L /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjx?Evolution sf] cToGt} hl6n k|lqmofaf6 u'lh|P/ cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf xf}F / x'g\ . o;sf] cy{ xf] xfd|f] gfs xf]; of s's'/sf] k'R5/ oL ;a}sf] cj:ostf dx;'; ePsf] sf/0fn] g} cfh oL c+usf] cl:tTj zl//df 5 / x'G5 . xfdL s's'/sf] zl//df k'R5/sf] cfjZostf 5}g eGg] s] cfwf/ lbO{ p;sf] k'R5/ sf6L p;sf] k'R5/ gknfpg] ck]Iff u5f}{ < s's'/ cfh h'g ?k / cj:yfdf 5 p;sf] Tof] ?k klg ljsf;qmdsf] cToGt} nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmofaf6} :yflkt ePsf] xf], h;/L xfdL afFb/, lrDkfGhL x'Fb} dfG5] eof}F .
tkfO{n] afFb/sf] rfs b]Vg'ePsf] 5 M lsg p;sf] rfsdf klg zl//sf] cGo efudf e}m /f}F 5]gg\ < lsg afFb/sf] rfs w]/ yf]/ ?kdf a:gsf] nflu pko'Qm em}F b]lvPsf] 5 < obL dfG5] afFb/ s} k|hfltsf hLjsf] k"0f{ ljsl;t ?k xf] eg] xfdL eGg ;S5f}F M h] :j?kaf6 afFb/ aGof] To;kl5af6 g} afFb/n] cfÇgf cufl8sf v'§f ;dfpgsf nflu / kf5fl8sf v'§f 6]Sgsf nflu a9L k|of]u ug{ yfNof] . o;f] ubf{ afFb/nfO{ a:g'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; eof] / afFb/sf] rfs g} a:gsf] nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm c+u ÷ 7fpF aGof]. obL a:gsf nflu e'8L jf 9f8 a9L pko'Qm x'GYof] eg] afFb/sf] rfs cfh xfdL h:tf] b]V5f} To:tf] p;sf] e'F8L jf 9f8 b]VYof}F . t/ cufl8sf v'§fn] ;dfpg] / k5fl8sf v'§fn] 6]Sg] oTg ug{ yfn] b]vL g} afFb/sf] zl/l/sf] rfssf] efu a:gsf nflu ;a}eGbf ;xL / pko'Qm efu aGg k'Uof] nutf/sf] lvrfO{ / 3if{0fsf] sf/0fn] pQm 7fpF /f}F ljlxg / cln rfd|f] aGof] . t/ afFb/sf] ;j{q /f}Fn] el/Psf] zl//af6 /f}F lagfsf] rfd|f] 5fnfsf] rfs;lxtsf] afFb/sf] l:ytLdf cfO{k'Ug' s]an afa' afFb/af6 5f]/f gftL, kgftL, hgftL of vgftL afFb/;Ddsf] pd]/ ofqf sfkmL lyPg . s]an rfssf] Tof] :jefjsf] lgdf{0f x'g'dfq ;of} of xhf/f} of nfvf}F jif{ nfu]sf] 5 . ToxfF s;}n] afFb/sf] rfssf] /f}F aL; klRr; k':tf;Dd nuftf/ v'ls{lbPs} sf/0fn] dfq cfh afFb/sf] rfsdf /f}F gePsf] xf]Og . ljr/f afFb/nfO{ klg yfxf 5}g\ / p;n] rfx]/ dfq klg p;sf] rfs a:g of]Uo ag]sf] xf]Og . afFb/sf] sDd/ d'gLsf] pQm efu a:g of]Uo aGgsf nflu afWofTds ?kdf g} cfhsf] afFb/sf] h:tf] rfssf] cfjZostf afFb/sf] zl//df dx;'; eof] jf o;nfO{ o;f] egf} tfsL cem ;xh ?kdf a'‰g ;lsof];\ M sDd/ d'lgsf] pQm efunfO{ a:gsf nflu afFb/n] k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 pQm efusf] :j?k cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/jt{g ePsf] xf] . To;f] eP /f}F t x6\g cfjZos lyPg, ls /f}F rfxLF x6]/ Tof] efu /f}F ljlxg / s'?k aGof] t < lsg ls s]an dgsf] rfxn] kl/jt{g x'b}g . zl//sf] s'g efudf s] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsf] 5 ToxL cg';f/ kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfFbf lg/Gt/sf] lyrfO / 3if{0fn] /f}Fx? 3f]l6P/ x/fP clg /f}F cfpg] sf]ifx?af6 ToxLF cfjZos kg]{ 5fnfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sf]ifsf]x?sf] lgdf{0f eof] M kl/l:ytLhGo cfjZostfn] zfl/l/s rfx ePsf] sf/0f .
obL dfG5] afFb/ k|hftL s} hLjsf] ljsl;t ?k xf] eg] t xfdL emg k|i6;Fu eGg ;Sg] eof}F ls xfd|f] rfsdf df+;k]zLsf] of] y'k|f] s;/L nfUof] / l7Ss cfsf/ klg a:g of]Uo s;/L aGof] . obL tkfO{ clxn] a;]/ kl9/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] tkfO{ klg atfpg ;Sg'x'G5 ls a:gsf nflu xfd|f] zl//sf] sDd/ d'lgsf] efu g} ;a}eGbf pko'Qm :yfg aGof] / a:tf sDd/ dflysf] ;Dk'0f{ zl//sf] ef/ pQm 7fpFdf kg]{ ePsfn] pQm efusf] 5fnfnfO{ x8\8L;Fu 3f]l6gaf6 arfpg / a:tf ;f]xL ls;Ldsf] nrStfsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ xfd|f] rfsdf df+;k]zLsf] cToGt} ;+of]lht y'k|f] 5 . s's''/sf] k'R5/ sf6]/ s]xL k':tf k5fl8sf s's''/sf] k'R5/sf] nDafO{ 36f];\ / cln kl5 t k'R5/ g} lanfcf]; eGg] rfx s's'/sf] k'R5/sf] pTktL p;sf] zfl/l/s cfjZostf cg';f/sf] afWofTds zfl/l/s k|of;sf sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] eGg s'/f ga'em]/ / nfdfs{n] a'emfpg vf]h]sf] oxL oyfy{nfO{ ga'em]/ ePsf] xf] .
@= Drosophila gfds lem+unfO{ &^ k':tf;Dd k"0f{ cGwsf/df /flvof] / hfFlrof] t/ klg && cf}F, &* cf}+ OTofbL k':tfsf lem+ufsf] cfFvf jf x]g]{ Ifdtfdf s]xL kl/jt{g ePg . o;af6 klg s]xL lgZsif{ lgsfNof] ls s'g} klg hLjn] cfÇgf] zl//sf] s'g} c+usf] k|of]u gu/]s} sf/0fn] dfq pQm c+u x/fpF5 eGg] nfdfs{sf] ts{ unt 5 .
s's'/sf] k'R5/ sf6\g] k|of]u eGbf of] s]xL ;fy{s k|of]u t xf] t/ o; k|of]udf klg xfdLn] Pp6f uNtL u/]sf 5f}F . Grosophila sf] @ –$ ;o k':tfnfO{ cWof/f]df /fVb}df 8|f];f]lkmnfsf] cfFvf jf x]g]{ Ifdtfdf sdL cfpF5 eGg] ck]Iff u/L xfdLn] Evolution h:tf] hl6n / cToGt nfdf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df cgleUotf k|s6 u¥of}F . lem+ufsf] &^ k':tfnfO{ k"0f{ cGwsf/df /fvL && cf}F k:tfsf] cfFvf jf x]g]{ Ifdtfdf sdL cfpg] ck]Iff xfdL u5f}{ eg] t xfdLn] rfx]sf] Tof] kl/jt{g Evolution g} xf]Og . obL sf]xL Ps jf s]xL k':tfsf j}1flgsx? lem+ufnfO{ cWof/f]df /fvL lem+ufsf] cfFvf jf x]g]{ Ifdtfdf sld cfpg] ck]Iff u5g eg] t tL lar/fnfO{ Evolution s] xf] g} yfxf /x]g5 eGg'k5{ .
cem d}n] k9]sf] t s] 5 eg] emg M s/f]8f}+ jif{ klxn] b]vL -8fOgf];/x?eGbf klg cufl8 b]vL g}_ cfÇgf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g geO{ cfh;Dd klg cl:tTjdf /x]sf] hLj lem+uf xf] . clg xfdL rfFxL ToxL le+mufnfO{ &^ k':tf;Dd cWof/f]df /fvL && cf}+ k':tfn] cfFvf cln sd b]vf];\ jf cfFvf g} gb]vf];\ eG5f}F . of] eGbf asDk'm;] / a]t'ssf] rfx c? s]xL x'G5 xf]nf / ljsf;qmdsf] ;Gbe{df <!
s's'/sf] k'R5/ sf6\g] eGbf of] clns ;fy{s k|of]u xf] egL d}n] eg]sf] 5' lsg ls s's'/ k|of]usf] bf;|f] uNtL ug{af6 xfdL oxfF ar]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] lem+ufsf] cfFvf lemSg], km'6fpg] jf k§L afFWg] sfo{ u/]gf} . xfdLn] lem+ufsf] nflu jftfj/0f g} To:tf] agfOlbof} hxfF p;sf] cfFvfsf] sfd g} 5}g\ of gL ls le+ufnfO{ k"0f{ cGwsf/df /flvof] . ca To; cWof/f]df eg] lem+ufsf] cfFvf x/fpg] jf x]g]{ zlQm sd x'Fb} uO{ cWof/f]df ;xhtfk"j{s p8\g, rNg d2t ug]{ c+usf] cfjZostf dx;'; x'g yfN5 / pQm c+u jf s'g} csf]{ OlGb|osf] ljsf; x'g yfN5 . t/ obL xfdL &^ k':tf;Dd cWof/f]df /flvPsf] lem+uf s} csf]{ ofgL ls && cf}+ k':tfsf] lem+ufdf cf+vf gePsf] / cWof/f]df klg p8\g ;Sg] lem+ufsf] ck]Iff u5f}{ eg] xfdL lem+ufdf ljsf;qmdsf] k|of]u u/]sf] :jf+ª ub}{ s'g} rdTsf/sf] ck]Iff ul//x]5f}F . xfdLn] rfxh:tf] cfFvf klg gePsf] / cFWof/f]df klg ;xhtfk"j{s /xg, p8\g, a:g ;Sg] lem+uf xfdL k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}F t/ To;sf nflu s]jn &^ k':tf xf]Og xhf/f}+, nfvf}+ jf ;fob s/f]8f}+ jif{ ;Dd xfdLn] lem+ufsf k':tf b/ k':tfnfO{ k'0f{ cGwsf/df /fVg'k5{ . oxL s'/f s's/df klg nfu' x'G5 . t/ k'R5/ sf6]/ xf]Og lem+ufnfO{ em}+ k"0f{ cGwsf/df s's'/nfO{ klg k':tf b/ k':tf xhf/f}+ jf nfvf}F jif{ /fVg] xf] eg] cWof/f]df klg ;xhtfk"j{s afFRg, lx88'n ug{ ;Sg] s's'/sf] pbo x'G5 jf:tljs ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofåf/f.
oxL s'/f xfdL lem+ufsf] kv]6f sf6]/ / s's'/sf] k'R5/ sf6]/ lsg ug{ ;Sb}gf} eg] xfdL ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofåf/f g} ljsl;t eO{ cfhsf] cj:yf;D cfOk'u]sf] hLjsf] c+u cfk"mv';L sf6\g] jf x6fpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf 5f} g ls p;nfO{ To:tf] jftfj/0fdf /fv]/ h;df p;sf] zfl/l/s ;+/rgf km]l/g afWo x'G5 . s's'/sf] k'R5/ ;fob p;sf] zl// ;Gt'ngdf /fVgsf nflu xf] / xfdLn] sfl6lbFbf zl//nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg s'g} c+usf] ljsf; jf lgdf{0fsf] k|of; x'G5 . t/ ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofåf/f g} ;a}eGbf pko'Qm c+u k'R5/ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 eg] Ps c/a jif{;Dd sf6] klg s's'/sf] k'R5/ knfpg 5f8\g] 5}g lsg ls oxL kl/:yLltdf k'R5/sf] ljsNk 5}g\ t/ cWof/f]df rfxL xhf/f}F jif{ /fVg] xf] eg] pQm jftfj/0fdf cfFvfsf] ljsNk vf]Hg zl// afWo x'G5 / ;fob s's'/sf] cfFvf ljno t x'G5 t/ csf]{ c+u jf cs}{ OlGb|osf] ljsf; p;sf] zl//df x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] jftfj/0fk|lt cg's'n x'gsf nflu ul/g] afWofTds k|of;n] dfq gofF c+u lgdf{0f x'g] / k'/fgf] sfd gnfUg] c+u x/fpg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ .
cGTodf,
8flj{gn] b]v]sf] Variation, Hugo de Vries n] eg]sf] Mutation sf] sf/0fn] xf] egL Mutation nfO{ cfwf/ dflg ul/Psf Mutational Theory nufotsf ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df atfpg] ;a} l;4fGt unt 5g\ . cem k|i6« u/L eGbf nfdfs{sf s'/fnfO{ Exclude u/]/ jf Lamarckism eGbf km/s wf/af6 ul/g] s'g} klg l;4fGt of k|lqmofsf] AofVofn] ljsf;qmdsf] jf:tljs k|lqmofsf] af/]df atfpg} ;Sb}g . ljsf;qmdsf] jf:tljs k|lqmof nfdfs{n] g} atfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] l;4fGtdf s]an yk / :ki6 AofVof h?/L 5 h;sf] ;fgf] k|of; dfly ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cem klg Receptor Cells, Center / Master sf] cjl:ytL, cflh{t u'0f aLhsf]ifdf l6kf]6 x'g] jf:tljs k|lqmof OTofbLsf] af/]df cg';Gwfg cfjZos 5 h'g aLgf ljsf;qmdsf] k|lqmofsf] :ki6 AofVof cem klg cw'/f] g} 5 .
Written by:
Ramesh Gajurel
Damak, Jhapa
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